Retinal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the retina, leading to vision problems and potentially vision loss. 

Regenerative Medicine is an interdisciplinary field of research and clinical applications, focused on repair, replacement, or regeneration of cells, tissues, or organs to restore impaired function resulting congenital defects, disease, trauma etc.

Vasculogenesis is the fundamental developmental process during which mesodermal progenitors are differentiated to endothelial cells

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic factor. In endothelial cells (ECs), during angiogenesis, several downstream signalling pathways are activated upon VEGF-A/VEGFR2 complex formation, which regulate EC proliferation, migration and survival. 

VEGF activates UPR mediators through a PLCγ-mediated crosstalk with the mTORC1 complex without accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER.

Ligand–receptor complexes follow diverse endocytic routes that regulate interaction partners and ultimately fine-tune signaling responses

The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been linked to many health and longevity benefits. The protective effects of MD on health are mainly due to its plant components containing thousands of phytochemicals, which are low molecular weight substances of no significant metabolic value.